The United States Is The Biggest Cosmetics Industry

Research from Statistica reveals that the United States is the biggest cosmetics industry in the world, with an estimated total revenue of about $56.63 billion in 2013. Men and women alike spend money in a desperate attempt to achieve the unattainable â€Å"beauty† that our society has forced us to want. Some individuals believe that in order to be beautiful, they must cover their face with makeup, or they may even spend hundreds, if not thousands of dollars on different cosmetic surgeries. Whether the attempt be big or small, individuals in our society are going to extreme lengths in order to feel beautiful, which quite frankly, is unnecessary. Today’s society has ingrained in the minds of young men and women unrealistic standards of beauty,†¦show more content†¦Dove started this campaign back in 2004 after the findings in a major global study The Real Truth About Beauty: A Global Report showed that only two percent of women would describe themselves as beauti ful. This led Dove to start the campaign in hopes of improving this statistic. Although there have been multiple campaigns urging a change in the definition of â€Å"beauty†, our society still has a long way to go. In our current society, teenagers are obsessed with choosing the right photo filter, but going a step beyond that, some teenagers turn to photo editing apps to â€Å"fix† facial imperfections. These editing apps are known to give a quick makeover for a flawless complexion and surgery-free enhancements (Voo). Have a stray hair? A protruding pimple? No need to worry, just download Facetune for the low price of $3.99, how cheap! With the helpful app Facetune, anyone is able to remove a stray hair, achieve acne or wrinkle-free skin, remove red eye, and even change your eye color. The obsessions with miniscule flaws are thought to have originated from the app Instagram and its users are often motivated to use photo editing apps in hopes of receiving a large amoun t of likes or compliments. Robyn Silverman, Ph.D., a body-image expert, said, â€Å"If people are complimenting a girl for looking amazing in a photo that’s been self-corrected, what does that say to the girl?† Facetune is not the only app that someShow MoreRelatedMarketing1680 Words   |  7 PagesMarket Profile for Cosmetics/Skincare/Toiletries in the Taiwan Market 1 MARKET STRUCTURE 1.1 Size 1 The size of Taiwan’s cosmetics, skincare and toiletries market is estimated at around NZ$4 billion a year. Major consumers are females aged between 20 and 39 and the average amount of money spent by a woman with purchasing power is around NZ$700 a year. Skincare products constitute the biggest share (48 percent) of the overall cosmetics, skincare and toiletries market. In terms of product functionRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Animal Testing1126 Words   |  5 PagesOver one hundred million animals every year die from animal testing, in the medical and cosmetic fields alone (â€Å"Experiments on Animals: Overview†). Animal testing is as big of a problem today as it has been in the past. Most people do not agree with animal testing today but years ago it was one of the only ways of testing. It was considered, if not the only, effective and efficient ways of testing a product’s toxicity. To date, animal testing is not warranted because of the development of new tec hnologyRead MoreCosmetics And Its Impact On The Makeup Industry1708 Words   |  7 PagesPurchasing the most expensive and popular cosmetic brand might seem as the best option to protect oneself from imperfections but, is the product’s price determined by popularity or safety regulations? Cosmetics have transformed the industries to make themselves an essential part of consumer’s daily routine. Cosmetics were first used by tribes as a form of camouflage to disguise themselves from enemies and predators. Mud, ashes and natural dyes, were used to hide themselves from predators and to createRead MoreInternational Tourism s Effect On Medical Tourism1649 Words   |  7 Pagesover Asia, but also Middle East, Africa, and America. Out of all sector, medical tourism is one of the biggest areas that received big impacts from Hallyu. Medical tourism is defined as the process of travelling outside residency country in order to pursue a better medical care (MeÃ… ¡trović). The concept of medical tourism has attracted Korean government, the citizens and other related industries to take this chance to develop their economy. It is interesting because initially, people visit Korea toRead MoreWhat Is The Market Analysis Of The U. S-India Trade?837 Words   |  4 Pages2016, even though there was drop in global trade volumes. The United States remained India’s leading trading affiliate, with exports of American commodities and services to India totaling $42.0 billion (up 5.8% from 2015), and imports from India totaling $72.9 billion (India - Market Overview India, 2017). The United States is India’s number one export market, and it has a trade surplus of more than $30 billion with the U.S. the biggest surplus amount it has with any country, while India is the 18thRead MoreThe Impact of African American Inventors1516 Words   |  7 Pagescentury before and after the Civil War were limited in their access to quality education and career training. This limited education and training meant that, in some way, blacks were shut out of professional occupations and limited to working in industries thought acceptable for them, such as house services and farming. However, a small number of talented blacks were able to attain an education and, through their work, made major contributions to American life. (Imbornoni n.d.) Unlike black slavesRead MoreMacy s, Inc.820 Words   |  4 Pagesthe most successful and biggest department stores in the retail industry across the globe. The total revenue of the first day of the company was a whopping $11.06. However, at the end of the first year, the store earned a profit close to $90,000. In 1877, R.H. Macy Company had occupied eleven different store locations and was considered to be a full department store. As an innovator, the company is well known for starting many trends that would impact the retail industry. R.H. Macy Company wasRead MoreLOreal and the Globalization of American Beauty1535 Words   |  7 PagesEXECUTIVE SUMMARY. If we look at the over 100-year history of L’Oreal we see how much that company changed and became the biggest global cosmetic company. They expanded and acquire many other companies in the world especially in USA and France. They faced some challenges on the way to that title. Some of the challenges are: high rivalry in the industry, marketing problems with sustaining a consistent brand positioning of the products in some markets, and the cultural differences they faced inRead MoreAnimal Testing For The Sake Of Cosmetics2007 Words   |  9 Pagesfails to treat the animal as a being with inherent worth would violate that animal s right and is thus morally objectionable (Gruen).† This quote relates to a serious matter in that the use of animals in the testing of cosmetics is inhumane. Animal testing for the sake of cosmetics is a cruel, unethical and an unnecessary method of practice. There is debate among the companies in this practice (as well some people who follow the opinion of these companies) and other people who stand for the rightsRead MoreMedia s Effect On Teens986 Words   |  4 PagesThe American media industry generates approximately 600 billion dollars annually through its programming and advertisements. The economic system of the United States and tough market competition have led to a massive media boom, and being the largest industry in the United States in terms of revenue, The media have been successful in corrupting people’s mind, with young teens being the largest group of victims. In the current situation, our economic, social and political decisions are widely being

A Critique Of The Feminine Position Of Antebellum Society

Ruth Hall: A Critique of the Feminine Position in Antebellum Society In 1854 Fanny Fern published what was to become not only her most successful works, but one of the most popular and enduring works of English literature during the Antebellum period: Ruth Hall; A Domestic Tale of the Present Time. Though the title – especially to a modern reader – does little to convey the level of thoughtful and heady critique that Fern expounds through this book, it is actually is a strong indictment of the feminine position as the subordinate housewife, mother, and societal agent. However, despite this criticism, it does not seem that Fanny Fern is critical of the institutions of marriage or motherhood as a whole. Her critique is based on the limiting effects of the conventional roles into which wives and mothers fall, and the deleterious consequences these roles have on the personal development and self-actualization of the women who enter into them. Therefore, it is not the institution of marriage or motherhood that Fern is critical of, but rather the expectations and limitations that society assigns to the women who assume these roles. Throughout the novel, it is Old Mrs. Hall who represents (with a cold bitter insistence) the traditional representations of the wife and mother. While Ruth’s marriage was in no way a radical departure from tradition, it does not seem to have been based (entirely) on an old paradigm that was rapidly becoming antiquated in the wake of modernity. To

Compare and Contrast on Abortion Free Essays

ENGL 1005 Prof. Michel Schtakleff October 2, 2012 Three-quarters of a million teens between 15 and 19 become pregnant each year (Get). How as a teen would you feel confronting a parent regarding birth control? What if you did not have a parent to go get birth control with? Some adolescents do not have a good support system that would be willing to do that. We will write a custom essay sample on Compare and Contrast on Abortion or any similar topic only for you Order Now Additionally, many pregnant teens feel that abortion is the only solution to their problem. With teen pregnancy being so prominent in today’s society and many teens seeking out dangerous solutions, such as abortion, young adolescent girls ages fifteen and older should be able to receive birth control from their doctor without parental consent. About 820,000 teen pregnancies occur in the United States annually. This means that thirty-four percent of young females will have at least one pregnancy before reaching the age of twenty. Eighty percent of these teen pregnancies are unintended (Statistics). A sexually active teenager not using any contraceptive has a ninety percent chance of getting pregnant within a year (Get). These statistics will only continue to rise if teenagers under the age of eighteen are unable to receive birth control without parental consent. Teen pregnancy is a cycle, â€Å"girls born to teen parents are almost 33% more likely to become teen parents themselves, continuing the cycle of teen pregnancy (Importance). † Considering these facts, it is evident that it could all be prevented simply by allowing young girls to obtain a birth control prescription from their medical doctor. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. The children born to teen mothers are at greater risk of being an indicated case of child abuse or neglect. Paragraph 2: Paragraph 3: -less abortion -younger teen=abortion more likely -1/3 of pregnant teens seek an abortion Works Cited â€Å"FSU Center for Prevention and Early Intervention Policy. † FSU Center for Prevention and Early Interventi on Policy. N. p. , n. d. Web. 02 Oct. 2012. http://www. cpeip. fsu. edu/resourceFiles/resourceFile_78. pdf. . â€Å"Get the Facts. † Get the Facts. N. p. , n. d. Web. 2 Oct. 2012. http://www. advocatesforyouth. org/press-room/get-the-facts. â€Å"Teen Pregnancy Statistics – Teen Pregnancy. † Teen Pregnancy Statistics – Teen Pregnancy. N. p. , n. d. Web. 02 Oct. 2012. http://www. teenhelp. com/teen-pregnancy/teen-pregnancy-statistics. html. â€Å"Teen Pregnancy: The Importance of Prevention. † Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 05 Apr. 2011. Web. 02 Oct. 2012. http://www. cdc. gov/Features/VitalSigns/TeenPregnancy/. How to cite Compare and Contrast on Abortion, Papers

Alignment and Articulation Essay Sample free essay sample

Articulation and Alliance: Statisticss in West Virginia Middle and High Schools The execution of the 2002 No Child Left Behind Act establishes a necessity of every province to guarantee that there is proper perpendicular alliance of course of study in every topic ( Clarke. Stow. Ruebling A ; Kayona. 2006 ; DuFour. DuFour. A ; Eaker. 2008 ) . With a national push to aline criterions vertically. most provinces have worked toward making and instating new criterions. Clarke. et Al. ( 2006 ) province the importance of criterions is to give pedagogues way. focal point. and answerability of the course of study that they present in their schoolrooms. Organizations Selected For the intent of this analysis. the writer has chosen to analyse the next organisations of in-between school. classs six through eight. and high school. classs nine through 12. The analysis focuses on the Following Generation Mathematics Content Standards and Objectives. as presented by the West Virginia Department of Education ( 2011 ) . Because of the sum of criterions presented. the analysis will be confined to a subject of the mathematics course of study. statistics. The West Virginia Department of Education ( 2011 ) divides the mathematics criterions for classs separately. Thus the writer will be aggregating the 6th. 7th. and 8th class curricular criterions into a in-between school class and aggregating the 9th. ten percent. 11th. and 12th class curricular criterions into a high school class. Analysis of Curriculum Articulation and Alignment There are evident failings with the statistics criterions. including diction and alliance. The writer divides these into two subheadings to discourse individually. Both of these failing will be combined to joint an betterment program that when implemented could cut down or extinguish the failing discussed in the following two subdivisions. Curriculum ArticulationIn the analysis of the statistics criterions there are two signifiers of alliance observed. horizontal and perpendicular. Horizontal alliance refers non merely to the criterions to be followed. but besides the appraisals used to find the degree at which the pupils understand the constructs presented by the criterions ( Case. 2008 ) . The West Virginia Department of Education ( 2011 ) specifies that at the terminal of each twelvemonth the pupils will be assessed harmonizing to the criterions that the pedagogues of that class degree are responsible for learning. For illustration. the mathematics criterions taught in a twelvemonth would be assessed by a standardised trial. which includes inquiries from each division of the criterions. such as statistics. Vertical alliance differs as it the alliance of course of study over the class of multiple old ages. such as how the content flows from the in-between school to high school old ages ( Case. 2008 ) . The perpendicu lar alliance of the statistics criterions established by the West Virginia Department of Education ( 2011 ) presents an issue to which pupil acquisition is negatively affected. The in-between school statistics criterions illustrate that pupils must show the command of six different major constructs. The high school statistics criterions illustrate that there are 10 subjects in which the pupils must get the hang. The differing constructs are correlating between the center and high school as illustrated in Table 1. Table 1.Statistical Concepts Presented in the West Virginia Mathematics Standards Middle School High School1. Display data sets utilizing a ) point secret plans. B ) histograms. and degree Celsius ) box plots 1. Descriptive statistics. including: [ take colon ( if the preceding words indicate a series follows. a colon is excess ) ] a ) point secret plans. B ) histograms. and degree Celsius ) box plots 2. Use steps of cardinal inclination 2. Compare centre and spread of two sets of informations 3. Use steps of variableness 3. Create and utilize bipartisan frequence tabular arraies 4. Determine the chance of the happening of an event 4. Use of scatterplots to expose two sets of informations 5. Probabilities of compound events utilizing: a ) tree diagrams. B ) lists. degree Celsius ) tabular arraies. and vitamin D ) simulations 5. Interpret additive theoretical accounts 6. Bivariate measuring informations utilizing: a ) scatterplots and B ) linear equations 6. Distinguish between relationships as correlativity and causing 7. Use independent and conditional chances 8. Compute chances of compound events9. Draw illations and decisions from collected informations 10. Interpret geometric chance constructs In add-on to exposing the criterions mandated by the West Virginia Department of Education ( 2011 ) . the writer has used foregrounding to exemplify the correlating statistics criterions included at both the center and high school. As illustrated. a bulk of the in-between school statistics criterions are intertwined into the high school criterions ; nevertheless. they spread across varies old ages. For case. the usage of ocular shows. such as dot secret plans. histograms. and box secret plans is taught within the 6th class course of study. and is non mandated to be reviewed until 9th class ( West Virginia Department of Education. 2011 ) . This spread in clip represents an issue that the writer will turn to within the betterment program. Curriculum AlignmentCurriculum alliance should be a end of every educational section as they seek to patch together criterions across legion class degrees ( Wiles A ; Bondi. 2007 ) . When there is evident ambiguity within the criterions. it stands that pedagogues will hold a hard clip with guaranting distinguishable course of study alliance. As Wiles ( 2009 ) provinces. criterions must be written by clearly saying the information to be measured every bit good as written in a signifier that leads to some signifier of appraisal. Wordss used within the West Virginia Department of Education ( 2011 ) criterions include understand. cognize. and observe. which do non excuse a method of appraisal to guarantee that pupils achieve what the criterions require. Proper alliance requires that pedagogues can trust on pupils get the hanging anterior cognition in old old ages. therefore fixing them to construct upon that cognition with new content. Without proper indexs. such as assessable criterions. there is no manner to guarantee that pupils have that proper background cognition to get the hang the new stuffs ( Clarke et al. . 2006 ) . The attack to learning the same statistical constructs varies. depending on the class degree. For illustration. in 6th grade the development of ocular shows of informations will be reasonably simple ; nevertheless. the shows expected from a 9th class pupil physique from that simple apprehension to a deeper degree of comprehension. The linguistic communication used within the criterion presented by the West Virginia Department of Education ( 2011 ) specifies that the 6th class pupil will understand ocular shows and three old ages subsequently pupils are to make the ocular shows. There is a spread in which pupil apprehension is non bridged from twelvemonth to twelvemonth to guarantee complete comprehension ( West Virginia Department of Education. 2011 ) . With several of the criterions the West Virginia Department of Education ( 2011 ) specifies the being of spreads in two distinguishable countries. The first country is the usage of description in footings of centre and spread. In the in-between school mathematics schoolroom. pupils are expected to depict the spread and centre of a set of informations ; take that cognition base in the high school and be able to sum up the statistic features ( West Virginia Department of Education. 2011 ) . Again the cognition edifice block is apparent in description of the execution of additive theoretical accounts from the in-between school to the high school. At the in-between school degree. the pupils are expected to put or make a additive map ; taking â€Å"a more sophisticated look† as a high school pupil by analysing the tantrum of the additive theoretical account to the two sets of informations ( West Virginia Department of Education. 2011. p. 70 ) . Improvement Plan The author’s betterment program focuses on the fusion of both the criterions and the pedagogues involved in utilizing the course of study in their schoolrooms. The dissection of the current statistics criterions to show a concrete flow from in-between school to high school every bit good as from class to rate and will let pupils to hold non merely a huge and thin degree of understanding. but an in-depth comprehension of the statistical stuffs. By acquiring the pedagogues together to help in this procedure. the pupils benefit as the pedagogues have an apprehension of the mental capablenesss of the pupils that they teach. In add-on to organizing a flow within the course of study. the betterment program supports the authorship of statistical criterions to take toward measuring. As Wiles ( 2009 ) states criterions necessitate to be measureable. therefore leting pedagogues to find the degree of command achieved by pedagogues. The usage of Bloom’s Taxonomy will guarantee that pupils are challenged harmonizing to the degree in which they are at academically ( Anderson. Krathwohl. A ; Bloom. 2001 ) . Table 2 illustrates a logical promotion through a statistics criterion. Table 2. Logical Advancement through a Statistics Standard Using Bloom’s Taxonomy Middle School High School6th Grade 7th Grade 8th Grade 9th Grade 10th Grade 11th/12th Grade Students will enter a set of informations utilizing a ) point secret plan. B ) histogram. and degree Celsius ) box secret plan. Students will compare informations utilizing a ) point secret plan. B ) histogram. and degree Celsius ) box secret plan. Students will build a ) point secret plan. B ) histogram. and degree Celsius ) box secret plan given informations sets. Students will compare and contrast informations utilizing a ) point secret plan. B ) histogram. and degree Celsius ) box secret plan. Students will roll up informations and compose reading utilizing a ) point secret plan. B ) histogram. and degree Celsius ) box secret plan. Students will construe and warrant show of informations utilizing a ) point secret plan. B ) histogram. and degree Celsius ) box secret plan. In add-on to the logical promotion demonstrated through Table 2. the betterment program will supply professional development for pedagogues at all degrees. This professional development offers methods of appraisal at each degree to guarantee that pupils have progressed successfully through the appropriate degree of taxonomy anterior to traveling on to the following class degree. To aline course of study successfully. pedagogues need to work together to profit the pupils larning procedure. Although. West Virginia Department of Education ( 2011 ) presents several statistical criterions that follow a concrete flow. this flow needs to be exhibited through all criterions. The footing of betterment program presented by the writer is to link the cognition of the pedagogues with the criterions to find the most consequence flow every bit good as create criterions that can be actively measured harmonizing to Bloom’s Taxonomy. Students’ need a solid motion through Bloom’s Taxonomy to guarantee that there is complete comprehension and apprehension of the statistical constructs presented through the in-between school and high school ( Anderson. Krathwohl. A ; Bloom. 2001 ) . As DuFour. DuFour. and Eaker ( 2008 ) the criterions and appraisals are given to the benefit of the pupil. with the program to advance a greater success rate with pupils in the country of statistics. Mention Anderson. L. W. . Krathwohl. D. R. . A ; Bloom. B. S. ( 2001 ) . A taxonomy for larning. instruction. and measuring: A alteration of Bloom’s taxonomy of educational aims. London: Longman. Case. B. ( 2008 ) . Horizontal and perpendicular alliance. Pearson Education. Clarke. N. A. . Stow. S. . Ruebling. C. A ; Kayona. F. ( 2006 ) . Developing standards-based course of study and appraisals: Lessons learned from the field. The Clearing House. 79 ( 6 ) . 258-261. * DuFour. R. . DuFour. R. . A ; Eaker. R. ( 2008 ) . Revisiting professional acquisition communities at work: New penetrations for bettering schools. Bloomington. Inch: Solution Tree Press. * West Virginia Department of Education. ( 2011 ) . Following coevals content criterions and objects for mathematics in West Virginia schools ( Report No. 2520. 2B ) . Charleston. WV: West Virginia Board of Education. * Wiles. J. A ; Bondi. J. ( 2007 ) . Curriculum development. ( 7th Ed. ) . Columbus. Ohio: Merrill. * Wiles. J. ( 20 09 ) . Developing successful K-8 schools: A principal’s usher. Thousand Oaks. CA: Corwin Press.

The Industrial Revolution an Example by

The Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution, which transformed economic life in the West, began in England in the eighteenth century. After the Napoleonic period it spread to Western Europe, and by the end of the nineteenth century it had touched most of Western civilization. The Industrial Revolution was characterized by unprecedented economic growth, the factory system of production, and the use of new, artificially powered machines for transportation and mechanical operations. The potential was tremendous; for the first time, human beings had the ability to produce far more than was needed to sustain a large percentage of the population. Whether that potential would be realized, and at what cost, remained to be seen. Need essay sample on "The Industrial Revolution" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed College Students Very Often Tell EssayLab specialists:I'm don't want to write my essay. Because I don't have the timeProfessional writers recommend: Essaylab.Com Can Provide You With The Winning Academic EssayOnline Essay Writing Company A Website To Write Essays Writing Services Buy An Essay For College The Industrial Revolution began in England in the early 18th century for several reasons. One, England had experienced all of the forerunners of industrialization in the previous century: an agricultural revolution, cottage industry, and an expanded commercial revolution.These developments had built surplus capital and an infrastructure (shipping, banking, insurance, joint stock companies). Two, England already had a handcraft textile industry using wool, but with the availability of cotton from overseas markets as an alternative raw material. Three, the scientific revolution in England prepared the way for new inventions to be applied to industry. Four, a spreading shortage of wood (used for energy, for shipbuilding and construction) stimulated a search for alternatives. Five, England was rich in supplies of coal for energy and iron for construction. Six, England had a long, irregular coastline with many rivers and natural harbors which provided easy transportation by water to many areas, and seven, England's population grew rapidly in the 18th century, providing a labor force for industry. England's agricultural revolution was a result of increased attention to fertilizers, the adoption of new crops and farming technologies, and the enclosure movement. English farmers were one of the most productive farmers of the century. They were treating farming as a science, and all this interest eventually resulted in greater yields. These developments taken together was a period of high productivity and low food prices. In 1750, the European economy was overwhelmingly an agricultural economy. The land was owned largely by wealthy and frequently aristocratic landowners known as the capitalists. Their activities focused more on mercantile activity rather than production; there was, however, a growing manufacturing industry increasing around the logic of mercantilism. Parliament passed a series of laws that permitted lands that had been held in common by tenant farmers to be enclosed into large, private farms worked by a much smaller labor force. While this drove peasants off the l and, it also increased agricultural production and increased the urban population of England, since the only place moved out peasants had to go were the cities. And this, in turn, meant that the typical English family did not have to spend almost everything it earned on bread, and instead could purchase manufactured goods. Mercantilism had thrived in England in ways that it hadn't on the continent. In particular, the English had no internal tariffs or duties on commerce, which wasn't true of any of the continental European states. Moving goods around in continental Europe was an expensive affair as you had to pay taxes and duties every hundred miles or so; moving goods around in England was cheap, and profits soared. In addition, England had come to monopolize overseas trade. Every time England fought a war in the eighteenth century it always acquired new overseas territory. The technological innovations followed these social and economic changes. The first major technological innovation was the cotton gin. There was a constant shortage of thread so the industry began to focus on ways to improve the spinning of cotton. The first solution to this bottleneck appeared around 1765 when James Hargreaves, a carpenter, invented his cotton-spinning jenny, one of the typological major technological innovations of the Industrial Age. Patented in 1767, the spinning jenny was a series of simple machines rather than a single machine, and it spun sixteen threads of cotton simultaneously. These two qualities: multiple machines in a single machine as well as a machine that was designed not just to speed up work, but to do the work of several laborers simultaneously, was the hallmark of all subsequent technological innovations. Richard Arkwright (1732-1792) invented another kind of spinning device, the water frame. It was based on a different principle. It acquired a cap acity of several hundred spindles and demanded more power -- water power. The water frame required large, specialized mills employing hundreds of workers. The first consequence of these developments was that cotton goods became much cheaper and were bought by all social classes. The shortage of trees for lumber had led to the use of coal for heating, but coal mines constantly flooded. This was largely due to a quirk in English geography. England sits on huge quantities of coal, a carbon based mineral derived from ancient life forms. Aside from being cheap, coal burns better and more efficiently than wood. The English figured out that they could substitute coal for wood in the melting of metals, including iron, and blissfully went about tearing coal from the ground. Although the spinning jenny and water frame had increased the productive capacity of the cotton industry, the real breakthrough came with developments in steam power. Developed in England by Thomas Savery(1698) and Thomas Newcomen (1705), these early steam engines were used to pump water from coal mines. In the 1760s, a Scottish engineer, James Watt(1736-1819) invented an engine that could pump water three times as quickly as the Newcomen engine. Steam power also promoted important changes in other industries. The use of steam-driven bellows in blast furnaces helped ironmakers switch over from charcoal to coke, which is made from coal, in the smelting of pig iron. In the 1780s, Henry Cort(1740-1800) developed the puddling furnace, which allowed pig iron to be refined in turn with coke. Together with the rise of inventions made in England in terms of textile engine, railroads and electric industry, advances in transportation have been also a part of their development. One of the first achievements of technology was the launching of the first steamboat to navigate St. Lawrence River and which had been completely built and fitted in Montreal. The use of the steam to propel a ship had shortenened the distances and proved that commercial navigation was both possible and economically feasible, a fact which sailing ships had not established(Marson, J., 1990). Iron rails were also developed for coal carts to be hauled to nearby water transport. The combination of iron rails and the steam engine to transport people and goods was the railroad. This was the greatest achievement in transportation since ancient times. With the help of revolutions in agriculture, transportation, communications and technology, England was able to become the "first industrial nation." This is a fact that historians have long recognized. However, there were a few other less-tangible reasons which we must consider. These are perhaps cultural reasons. Although the industrial revolution was clearly an unplanned and impulsive event, it never would have been "made" had there not been men who wanted such a thing to occur. There must have been men who saw opportunities not only for advances in technology, but also the profits those advances might create. Which brings us to one very crucial cultural attribute -- the English, like the Dutch of the same period, were a very commercial people. They saw little problem with making money, nor with taking their surplus and reinvesting it. The English entrepreneurs had a much wider scope of activities than did their Continental counterparts at the same time. REFERENCES: Hooker, R.(1996) the European Enlightenment. The Industrial Revolution. Retrieved January 22, 2008, from Wood, E. M. (2002). The origin of capitalism a longer view. London: Verso. Lecture 17: The Origins of the Industrial Revolution in England. Western Civilization:Interpreting the Past. Industrialization and Social Change. Marsan, J.-C. (1990). Montreal in evolution historical analysis of the development of Montreal's architecture and urban environment. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. Industrialization. Mathias, P. (1969 ). The first industrial nation an economic history of Britain. London: Methuen.

Definition of a Private University

Definition of a Private University A private university is  simply a university whose funding comes from tuition, investments, and private donors, not from taxpayers. That said, only a small handful of universities in the country are truly independent of governmental support, for many higher education programs such as Pell Grants are supported by the government, and universities tend to get significant tax breaks because of their non-profit status. On the flip side, many public universities receive only a small percentage of their operating budgets from state tax payer dollars, but public universities, unlike private institutions, are administered by public officials and can sometimes fall victim to the politics behind state budgets. Examples of Private Universities Many of the countrys most prestigious and selective institutions are private universities including all of the Ivy League schools (such as  Harvard University  and Princeton University), Stanford University,  Emory University, Northwestern University, University of Chicago, and Vanderbilt University. Because of separation of church and state laws, all universities with a distinct religious affiliation are private including  University of Notre Dame, Southern Methodist University, and Brigham Young University. Features of a Private University A private university has several features that distinguish it from a liberal arts college or community college: Undergraduate and graduate student focus:  Unlike liberal arts colleges, universities often have significant masters and doctoral programs. MIT, for example, has nearly 3,000 more graduate students than undergraduate students.Graduate degrees:  Most degrees awarded from a liberal arts college are four-year bachelors degrees; at a private university, advanced degrees such as an M.A., M.F.A., M.B.A., J.D., Ph.D., and M.D. are also common.Medium size:  No private universities are as large as some of the huge public universities, but they tend to be larger than liberal arts colleges. Total undergraduate enrollments between 5,000 and 15,000 are typical although there are certainly some that are smaller and some that are larger. Some private (as well as public) universities have significant online programs, but in this article well consider only the residential student population.Broad academic offerings:  Universities are typically made up of several colleges, and students can oft en choose courses in the liberal arts and sciences or more specialized fields such as engineering, business, health, and fine arts. Youll often see a school called a comprehensive university because it covers a full spectrum of academic areas. Faculty focus on research:  At big-name private universities, professors are often evaluated for their research and publishing first, and teaching second. At most liberal arts colleges, teaching has the top priority. That said, a majority of private universities actually do value teaching over research, but these schools rarely have the name recognition of the research powerhouses. Faculty members at regional public universities tend to have much higher teaching loads than the faculty at prestigious flagship state campuses.Residential:  The majority of students at private universities live at college and attend full time. In general, youll find far more commuter students and part-time students at public universities and community colleges.Name recognition: The most prestigious and well-known schools in the world are largely private universities. Every member of the Ivy League is a private university, as are Stanford, Duke, Georgetown,  Johns Hopkins  and MIT. Are Private Universities More Expensive than Public Universities? At first glance, yes, private universities typically have a higher sticker price than public universities. This is not always true. For example, out-of-state tuition for the University of California system is higher than many private universities. However, the top 50 most expensive institutions in the country are all private. That said, sticker price and what students actually pay are two very different things. If you come from a family that earns $50,000 a year, for example, Harvard University (one of the most expensive universities in the country) will be free for you. Yes, Harvard will actually cost you less money than your local community college. This is because the countrys most expensive and elite universities are also the ones that have the largest endowments and the best financial aid resources. Harvard pays all costs for students from families with modest income. So if you qualify for financial aid, you should definitely not favor public universities over private ones based solely on price. You may very well find that with financial aid the private institution is competitive with if not cheaper than the public institution. If you are from a high income family and wont qualify for financial aid, the equation will be quite different. Public universities are likely to cost you less. Merit aid, of course, can change the equation. The very best private universities (such as Stanford, MIT, and the Ivies) do not offer merit aid. Aid is based entirely on need. Beyond these few top schools, however, strong students will find a range of opportunities for winning substantial merit-based scholarships from both private and public universities. Finally, when calculating the cost of a university, you should also look at the graduation rate. The countrys better private universities do a better job graduating students in four years than the majority of public universities. This is largely because strong private universities have more financial resources for staffing required courses and providing quality one-on-one academic advising. A Final Word About Private Universities As you work to create your college wish list, dont rule out private universities because you think they will be too expensive. Instead, search for schools that are a good match for your educational, professional, and personal goals. Be sure to visit small colleges, public universities, and private universities so that you get a feel for the pros and cons of each.

The Impact of Social Media on the Political Life in the Arab Countries Essay

The Impact of Social Media on the Political Life in the Arab Countries (proposal) - Essay Example The first section of this paper introduces the subject and provides aims and objectives of the research work. In the literature review section, models, theories and contemporary practices in Arabian nations are discussed. In methodology section, the research method which is to be followed is discussed. Finally a tentative timeframe is calculated and a conclusion is provided. Introduction Communication via mobile and through web has been on an increase in twenty-first century. High end technologies are responsible behind this growing trend. Events of Arab Spring used web based social media- the blogs, different networking sites which enabled social interaction, and content communities. Though the governments of Arabian nations have tried to restrict use of internet, and even arrested prominent internet users, but had failed significantly in many cases. Social mediums like Facebook, Twitter, YouTube were used to organize protests. Slogans of protests were set up in pages and groups wit hin these social networking sites. This helped in spreading of democratic ideas not only within Egypt where the Arab Spring assumed its voluptuous shape but also across international borders. Furthermore, social media heavily influenced political debate and formed divided opinions among urban educated youths of Arabian nations. ... The aims and objectives of this research works are stated and are followed by literature review, a detailed study of impact of social media on politics of Arabian nations. In next section, methodology which will be adopted in due course of research is described. After that comes possible interpretation and analysis of data to be collected. In the final section, a conclusion will be provided along with recommendations. Research Aim This research paper aims at tracing the role played by social media upon political upheaval in the Arabian countries and the controlling mechanisms behind them. Research Objectives a) To recognize the growing powers of social media in Arabian nations b) To identify the major powers in political scenario of Arabian countries c) To trace the impact of social media on governments, political parties and common people of Arabian nations d) To examine the pros and cons of influence exerted by social media on political of Arabian nations e) To presume the future o f social media with respect to political conditions on Arabian nations Rationale of the Research This research paper focuses on the role played by social media in Arabian nations. Owing to the facilities of social media like free flow of information, cross- border interconnectivity, etc. politics in Arabian nations have realized the latent potentials of social media. In this regard, social media has already started to pose as a threat for Middle East politics (Cobley and Schulz 2013, p. 404). Social media has fuelled some of the recent revolutionary activities in Arabian nations. This generates the necessity for tracing the growth, popularity and advantages and misuse of social media in Arabian nations

The creation of professional police was for the benefit of the middle Essay

The creation of professional police was for the benefit of the middle classes, not society as a whole. Discuss - Essay Example (Dunham & Alpert, 1998; Sampson & Jeglum-Bartush, 1998; Kusow et al., 1997; Cao et al., 1996) It has always been a challenge on the part of UK policing to promote a safe environment for each of the local citizens who are residing in the country. (Newburn, 2003: p. 3) For this study, the history behind UK’s professional police will be discussed to give the readers a better idea with regards to the subject matter. Since determining the public’s satisfaction with regards to the ability of the police to minimize crime rates within the society is considered a crucial component of evaluating the overall performance of the police (Brown & Benedict, 2002), the student will undergo a research study to unveil the truth behind any forms of unequal services given by the professional police towards the society. In the process of searching for the truth, several evidences and reports will be thoroughly discussed as to whether or not professional police was created merely for the benefit of the middle class individuals. Since 1950s, UK’s government and public support in the promotion and strengthening of the professional police has been enormous. (Reiner, 1994) Between 1950s to the last quarter of 1960s, intensive support coming from the UK government and the general public were extended to professional police. For this reason, professional police throughout the United Kingdom has been considered as a ‘role model of successful policing’. (Reiner, 1992: p. 435) During the period of UK’s successful policing, the Scotland Yard detective together with the British bobby played a crucial role in conducting crime investigation aside from maintaining the peace and order within the society.† (Reiner, 1992: p. 435) It was only during the last quarter of 1970s onwards that the general public decided to withdrew their support with the

Microeconomic Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Microeconomic Questions - Essay Example How would, therefore, their profits differ from each other? 11 Is the elasticity of demand useful in terms of predicting the new equilibrium price and quantity in a market following a shock to the supply curve? When there is an increase or a decrease in the supply, the effect on the market is dependent on the elasticity of demand. The more inelastic is the demand curve, the less amount of quantity is sold as well as the price changes keeping all other things equal. When the demand curve is more elastic, the more changes in quantity bring fewer changes in price in a situation of ceteris Paribas. The magnitude of the effect of the supply side shock is not independent of price elasticity. In a situation of inelastic demand firms have the ability to raise prices as they will have to suffer from only a small drop in demand conditions. The responds of the producers as well as the consumers can affect the supply side shocks. The supply of fast food is elastic. The lesson from the elasticity concepts is more elastic is the curve, the more quantity changes and the more inelastic is the curve the more price changes. The elasticity is not only useful in order to predict the events of the markets but also to analyze the policies of the government. If a new subdivision is built near the shopping complex of a fast food company, the price of hamburger is not rise as much as the sales mainly because the fast food company is too small to generate such a demand that have the potential to increase the price. The elasticity of demand is of course useful in predicting the new equilibrium price as well as quantity because the shift or the trend of the demand curve because of the shock can be judged by the value of the elasticity. Under perfect competition, describe the long and short run outcomes if a demand curve were to shift to the left. A large number of small firms comprise the market for perfect competition. Each firm is small compared to the entire market. The comprising firm s set the identical products. The customers as well as the firms are well informed about the prices. There are no barriers to entry for other firms to enter into the market. In the short run the firms can change only the variable factor namely labor. The other decisions are predetermined. In the long run the firms have the potential to change their scale. In the short run when the existing price is less than the average cost curve it is better for the firm to close down. When the price is above the minimum point of average total cost, the firm makes profits. In the long run when a certain firm makes profits, new firms enter into the market. In the long run unlike monopoly or oligopoly it is not possible for a firm in perfect competition to earn economic profits. In a situation of perfect competition, the firm will be able to earn only normal profits and the demand curve will touch the total average cots curve at the minimum point. The firm must decide whether to continue with the bu siness in the long run and cover up the expenses. The decisions in the long run are based on the dependence between the price and the average cost curve in the long run. If the price is greater than or equal to average cots, the firm will continue to operate and close down otherwise. The above diagram represents a situation under perfect competition. In this case there is leftward shift of the market demand curve due to some reasons. The initial equilibrium price

The Many Ways To Be Polite

The Many Ways To Be Polite Politeness is the actions taken by a competent speaker in a community in order to attend to possible social or interpersonal disturbance. Politeness is something strange which can be seen in different forms and levels. What is polite and what not depends on where you grew up and what norms of politeness you acquired there ( Meyerhoff 2006: 81). In a conversation a speaker might say something that would be considered very rude by the listener, but that speaker might actually just trying to be polite. He was being polite according to the standards of where he grew up. So, politeness is expressed in different ways, in different places. In this essay, we will see the different forms and levels of politeness and how these forms attend to different social needs. Also we will look at examples of the different forms that requests and apologies can take. We will explore how useful is distinguishing between the politeness which is used between friends and with people that we are not very familiar with. Then we will briefly discuss about the frameworks of politeness that are used in a workplace interaction and intercultural communication. All these phenomenon of politeness will be discussed in this paper with consideration of Brown and Levinsons theory (1978) in order to illustrate how there is more than one way of being polite. According to Meyerhoff (2006) there are a number of different ways in which linguists can analyse politeness. The various approaches differ primarily in the emphasis placed on the speaker, the addressee or both, and the emphasis given to accounting for behavior that would be considered polite or behavior that would be considered impolite (p. 83). The most widely known and extensively used approach to the study of politeness is Brown and Levinsons theory which has the most dominant position in the field.People associate politeness just with ways of speaking that avoid causing offence by showing deference to another person. (Meyerhoff 2006: 84). Brown and Levinson (1978) state that deference would be inappropriate in any speech community, in some contexts. Comments that orient to in-group membership may be what starts an interaction and avoid causing offence. For example you do not always reply thank you so much when someone helps you, cheers or thanks works better. Extreme deference c ould be taken as ironic or snobbish. Now, before continuing in more depth with Brown and Levinsons theory, it is useful to refer to Grices Maxims (1975), a set of rules that people follow in communication to maintain participant harmony. Brown and Levinsons theory suggests that these four Grices principles for speaking in a cooperative way, were correct. These rules can be summed up as the Maxim of quality where a person should be truthful and sincere, the Maxim of quantity: a person must say no more or less than required, the Maxim of relevance: being relevant to that topic and the Maxim of manner: being perspicuous. All of which underpins and is underpinned by the idea that the people involved in a conversation will cooperate with each other (the cooperative principle). These four principles are not considered to be a theory of face but constitute a foundation for a theory of face, later developed by Brown and Levinson. (Adapted for Brown and Levinson 1978:95 ) The theory of Brown and Levinson suggests that there are two types of politeness. The negative politeness strategies which are the strategies that avoid offence by showing deference (e.g. Do you mind if I borrow it for a second?) and the positive politeness strategies are those that avoid offence by highlighting friendliness (e.g. You look fit and healthy-any chance you could help me push the car?). Also, considering a strategy to be polite or impolite depends on the attention that a speaker pays to his own face wants and the addressees face wants. The term face derives from the work of Goffman (1967). In Goffmans work, face was a personal attribute or quality that each of us works to protect or enhance. In Brown and Levinson the definition of face emphasises less that interpersonal and communal nature of the face wants. Face is the public self-image that every model person (MP) claims for him or herself. Brown and Levinson propose that we want to guard our face against possible dama ge when we interact with others. (Meyerhoff 2006: 84) Now, it is important to refer to the factors involved in choosing politeness strategies. Choosing what kinds of strategies would be polite or impolite in a situation depends on evaluating three main factors. Power, distance and weight (cost) of imposition were identified by Brown and Levinson. Power refers to the difference in status between participants in discourse, distance relates to the level of familiarity that exists between the speaker and the addressee, and weight of imposition relates to the extent to which one wishes to impose on another person. People often put more effort to be polite to people that their position have greater social power than we have. For example I will use more negative politeness strategies (more polite) to a government official processing a passport application than I will use (less polite) to a telemarketer who rings during dinner. This has to do with power because I want the government official to do me a favor and speed up my application as for the telemarketer, he needs something from me so I am the one with power. Also, the social distance between speakers has a huge effect on the way that they speak to each other. Generally, we give more attention to the negative face wants (more polite) of people we do not know very well and we are more abrupt to close friends. For example when you are cooking with a close friend you might say Youve got the butter instead of I think the butter is closer to you that it is to me so could you pass it to me. But, when working with someone that you are not very close you might ask in less direct way, showing more attention to their negative face wants, you might say something like Excuse me, are those the telephone accounts? Could I have them for a second? . The cost of imposition, according to Brown and Levinson meant how big the social infraction is. An example is when you ask someone for the time, which is considered as a situation with a minor imposition, you can a stranger in the road for the time and the politeness strategies pay little attention to face wants (Sorry do you have the time?). But, asking for money is greater imposition. You usually ask for money someone you are close to and if the amount is big you will probably ask someone who is even closer to you, like a very close friend. Under this framework there are three social variables which shape the way that people choose the politeness strategies they will use.Their attention to others positive and negative face wants will be determined by the relative power and social of the interactants and by the social lost of the imposition (Meyerhoff 2006: 88). These three factors are by no means independent. Earlier, I referred to the two types of politeness and the term face. Actually, there are two types of politeness because we are concerned with maintaining two distinct kinds of face, the negative and the positive face. The negative face is the want of every competent adult member of a community that their actions be unimpeded by others. The positive face is the want of every member that their wants be desirable to at least some others. (Brown and Levinson 1987:62 in Meyerhoff 2006: 85). Some societies orientate more towards deference and being attentive to negative face wants. In such societies it seems very rude to ignore the distance that might be between you and your addressee and talk as if you know her or him better than you do. A Language example is Forgive me, Ms Smith, I do apologise, but could I possibly intrude for a second. In this sentence the title Ms shows deference politeness and distance attending to negative face. Forgive me and I do apologise try to reduce the imposition of the request and attends to negative face. A further attempt to reduce the cost of imposition is could I, possibly and a second. In contrast, there are societies which orientate towards positive face. The interaction between strangers is expected to be more personable and friendly. In these societies it is rude to interact by emphasizing or drawing attention to the social distance between the interlocutors. Such a society is the Australians, where the use of first names is the norm even in professional contexts. A language example of such a society is a greeting to an old friend that you have not seen for some time e.g. Tapper! Its been ages. Youre looking good. Whatve you been doing nowadays?. In this greeting the use of ingroup code (the nickname Tapper), showing attention to the addressees interests (Whatve you been doing nowadays?) and exaggerating the speakers interest or approval (Youre looking good) are strategies that attend to the addressees positive face wants. Brown and Levinson suggest that some conversational events which represent a threat to another individuals self-image are described as inherently facethreating acts (FTAs). When such an event occurs it is sure that somebodys positive or negative face wants will be threatened, and the participants have to decide what politeness strategies they will use. Examples of FTAs are expressing thanks and making an apology, these are threats to the speakers face wants. Saying thanks establishes indebtedness to the other person. Making an apology is having to state publicly that you have done something stupid or unkind, this threatens your positive face wants as other people may not identify you and will be unwilling to suggest that they share your wants and desires. So depending on how serious an FTA is it will require more or less action to mitigate (or reduce) the potential damage to the addressees or the speakers face. (Meyerhoff 2006: 90). As I said in the introduction I will also briefly discuss about the frameworks of politeness which are used in intercultural communication. Peoples use of politeness varies in intercultural communication depending on where they come from and how their societies orientate towards politeness. An example of such differences is when making a request for a drink in a bar in English and doing the same in German. In English you usually use strategies to attend the addressees negative face wants. (Could I have a glass of red wine, please?). But, in German there is not such an attention to the servers negative face wants and it is appropriate to say I will get red wine. Sometimes a could or please may be added but using both will sound absurd and snooty. (Meyerhoff 2006: 97). Another example is how people refuse an invitation to a meal from a social superior. In some cultures a general answer like Im busy that night Im afraid will be perfectly acceptable but in western communities people want to give a reason for your refusal. (Holmes 2001: 275). This has to do with peoples negative and positive face wants. People from western communities are more concerned about their positive face, they want their wants to be desirable to at least some others and they do not like drawing attention to the social distance. In conclusion, indeed there is more than one way of being polite. As it is presented above, politeness has many forms and levels and can be used in different ways. Politeness is perceived differently depending on where you grew up and your social status so it can be also expressed differently. People use different strategies to express politeness in a conversation depending on who is the addressee, what is his social status and how close they are to him. According to Brown and Levinsons theory there are two basic strategies, the positive and the negative strategy. These two strategies exist because we are concerned to maintain two kinds of face, the negative and positive face. People have to evaluate three factors in order to decide what strategies they will use, power, distance and cost of the imposition.

Search for Identity in Judith Guests Ordinary People :: Judith Guest Ordinary People Essays

Search for Identity in Ordinary People When we are young, we live life by the day. In our preteen and teenage years, the process of self discovery begins. For some people, this could take years. For others, it could happen within a week. No matter how people discover themselves, who they really are, and what they stand behind, everybody goes through it. Especially the characters in the book Ordinary People by Judith Guest. As they struggle through death, guilt, and a lack of understanding; Calvin, Beth and Conrad eventually discover their true identities. While dealing with their first major struggle; death, Calvin, Conrad's father, Beth, Conrad's mother, and Conrad begin their road to self discovery. They all deal with Conrad's suicide attempt in different ways. Calvin is the most concerned person about Conrad. "How's going it going? School. Swimming. Everything okay?" "Yeah, fine. Same as yesterday." "What does that mean?" A faint smile. "It means you ask me that every day." "Sorry." He smiles, too. "I like things neat." (11) Calvin is very concerned about Conrad's well-being after his suicide attempt. Every move or motion Conrad makes, Calvin is there to question it or question Conrad's health. Conrad on the other hand, is focusing on recovering from the incident. He is mainly focused on recovering from the mental damage he has caused himself and trying to begin his new life. "But he cannot relax, because today is a Target Date. Tuesday, September 30. One month, to the day, that he has been home. And what are you doing Jarrett? Asking weird questions like From what? Toward what? Questions without answers. Undermining. A serious affliction" (4). After coming out of the hospital, Conrad is forced to relearn how to deal with every day situations. Learning how to establish routines and manage his own life is Conrad's first step on his way to recovery and self-discovery. Beth deals with Conrad's suicide attempt in a very different way, she is very enclosed and in a constant state of denial. This is just the first of many actions until she reveals her true colors. "Will you talk to him this morning? About the clothes. He's got a closet full of decent things and he goes off every day looking like a bum, Cal" (7).

Tennessee Temple

Islam is the religion articulated by the Quran, a book considered by its adherents to be the verbatim word of the single incomparable God and by the Islamic prophet Muhammad's demonstrations and real-life examples. The word Islam is a homograph, having multiple meanings which are directly interpret as peace. Other meanings include submission or the total surrender of oneself to God. The origin of Islam dates back to the creation of the world. All the prophets who came to this world preached the same message of believing in one God and to accept them as His messenger. The prophets were also blessed with a manifestation of divine will or truth. Likewise, Prophet Mohammad was also a messenger of God. He revealed the truth and the way of life through the Holy Quran. Before the birth of Prophet Mohammad, the Arab society was sunk into darkness. Although the Arabs believed in the unity of God, but they also claimed that God has entrusted His duties to various gods, goddesses and idols. For this purpose, they had more than 360 idols. They considered angels as the daughters of God. They were ignorant of social values. They were nomadic people who were dependent on cattle for their living. There was no government or law. All power existed with the rich. The society was full of barbarity and brutality. Tribes fought with each other over trivial matters for centuries. A slight argument over horses or water could lead to the slaughtering of thousands of innocent people. It was the birth of Prophet Mohammad in 570 A. D in the city of Makkah which brought a revolution to the entire fate of the nomadic Arabs. He became famous among the people of Makkah at a very early age because of his allegiance and reliability. He was widely known as Al-Ameen or honest, trustworthy. At the age of 40, when Mohammad was meditating at Mt. Hera, he received a revelation from God. The angel Gabriel said to him, â€Å"Iqra† which means â€Å"to read†. Mohammad replied â€Å"I cannot read†. Gabriel embraced and released him. Then the first five verses of God were revealed to him who said, â€Å"Recite in the name of your Lord who created! He created man, out of a (mere) clo th of congealed blood. Recite; and thy Lord is most bountiful. He who had taught by the pen, taught man what he knew not. † Mohammad started proclaiming the message of believing in one God. The people who once called him â€Å"Trustworthy† and â€Å"Honest† boycotted and plotted to kill him. In 622 A. D. , due to worsening living conditions and social isolation, was broken in 629 A. D by the non-Muslims of the Makkans. Mohammad moved towards Makkah with 10,000 men and the battle was won without a single Prophet Mohammad migrated to Medina along with his followers. This flight was known as Hijrah and marks the beginning of the Muslims calendar. Mohammad's message spread rapidly and the number of followers increased in Medina. During the next few years, a series of battles were fought between various tribes of Makkah and the Muslims of Medina. In 628 A. D, the Treaty of Hudaibiyah was signed between the two parties. Truce was declared for 10 years. The treaty bloodshed. Mohammad died in 632 A. D, at the age of 63 in the city of Medina. Mohammad's death brought a huge catastrophe among Muslims. People could not believe that Mohammad had left them forever. Many of the followers were perplexed and distraught, and claimed him to be still living. At that time Mohammad funeral, Abu Bakr, who was the most respected of all the followers affirmed that, â€Å"O people, those of you who worshipped Mohammad, Mohammad has died. And those of you who worshipped God, God is still living. † Now being a Muslim requires that they read their Quran or their bible. â€Å"Reading† The Quran is the â€Å"Word of God† to Islam. About 4/5 the length of the New Testament. Muslims believe the identical book is in Heaven and Allah sent the angel Gabriel to Mohammed to reveal his â€Å"Word†. The Quran is divided into 114 chapters or Surahs. The Surahs are revelations given to Mohammed during his 23 years of â€Å"Prophet Hood† from 610 AD to 632 AD. The Quran, composed during Mohammed’s lifetime corresponds to the time and circumstances of his life. The Surahs or chapters can be divided into three time periods. The earliest Surahs are the shortest and known as Early Meccan, and date from 610 to 622 AD. Composed in Mecca, prior to Hejira where Mohammed fled to Medina in September 622 AD. The Median Surahs were composed during the time Muslims controlled the city of Medina. They date from 622 to 630 AD. The doctrine of Jihad was introduced as war was waged against Mecca and its idol worshipers. Animosity toward the Jews and Christians increased as they rejected Mohammed as a prophet from God. Late Meccan Surahs were between 630 and 632 AD. The last 2 years of Mohammed’s life after Mecca surrendered to his authority. Surahs were at this time not collected in one book but were memorized and collected on various items. In the battle of Yamamah in 633 AD many of the Hafiz died. The Hafiz were Muslims who had committed much of the Quran to memory. With the urging of Umar, Zayd ibn Thabit, one of Mohammed most trusted secretaries was appointed to the task of collecting the Quran into one book. Still later after different versions of the Quran began to appear Zayd was put in charge of collecting all the Qurans throughout the Muslim world and issuing an authorized copy in the place of one’s collected. The Quran makes the appeal to its beauty and consistency with previous scriptures as proof of its inspiration. The teaching of Quran and Hadith (sayings of Prophet Mohammad) revolves around two Arabic words namely, Emaan (Faith) and Amaal (Acts). Emaan is like the roots of a tree and Amaal are the stems, leaves or other parts of it. Just as without the roots, the tree cannot survive, similarly, without faith, the acts are useless. The teachings of Quran emphasize mostly on the beliefs and an overview the acts, whereas the Hadith explains both beliefs and acts in details. Muslims believe that although there may be reservations in the Hadith, but Quran is free from all the mistakes and is infallible. Quran is comprised of 114 Surahs (chapters) and 6236 Ayats (verses). Quran was preserved through writing and memorization. Undoubtedly, today Quran is the only book which is fully memorized by more than 10 million people all over the world. The teachings of Quran confirm the revelations of other books and scriptures on various prophets. But, at the same time, all these books are considered to be corrupted with time and do not contain the original script of God. The six articles of faith are the main doctrines of Islam. All Muslims share beliefs in God, Angels, Scriptures, Prophets, Resurrection and Divine Creed. They also believe in the five pillars of faith. These are duties each Muslim performs to demonstrate his or her faith. They include: Testimony of Faith, Prayer, Almsgiving, Fasting and Pilgrimage or taking a trip somewhere.

MLA Style Made Easy

MLA Style Made Easy When your teacher assigns a paper topic, you not only have to worry about what youre going to write about, where youre going to find your sources, but you also have to look up how the paper should be formatted and what your citations should look like both in the text and in your works cited.As a student of writing its highly likely that you will be assigned to research and write a paper in MLA style. MLA style, or Modern Language Association style, is commonly used for English literature, foreign language, literary criticism, comparative literature, and cultural studies papers. Luckily, many find this paper style to be one of the simplest to learn and write in (especially when compared to footnote-heavy Chicago Manual of Style or rule-heavy American Psychological Association Style).Lets take a deeper dive into what MLA style is, why its used, specific formatting advice, and examples you can use to guide you when writing your MLA formatted research paper.What is MLA Style?MLA style, a s we mentioned earlier, is most commonly used for research papers in the humanities and liberal arts. The MLA style guide dictates how research papers should be formatted and how sources should be cited. The MLA Handbook contains information on everything you need to know about writing a research paper in this style and will be available to you in a library for your reference.Though the MLA Handbook has very thorough guidelines on how to write an MLA research paper, its still important to read the directions from your teacher or professor carefully on your specific assignment. The handbook may not necessarily have all of the exact answers you may need, so if you need help its best to ask for the assistance of a teacher or a librarian to cover all your bases.Why do we use it?Right now you may be thinking to yourself, Why do these papers need to be in such specific formats? The answer is simple: to provide uniformity to papers so that they are readable. If research papers are written in a uniform way with citations to match then the reader can focus less on what the paper structure looks like and then the ideas from the paper can get more easily translated. Style guides also provide such specific formatting for citations because its important that when a writer has a claim to make that she can back it up with evidence to prove it, and also to make sure that she isnt plagiarizing.Though it may be difficult to see the reasoning while youre carefully making sure that each citation has a period at the end of the title and that the name of the journal is italicized, conforming to the style is crucial so that you gain credibility with your reader.How should my paper look when I write according to MLA style guidelines?Unless your professor or teacher has specific guidelines otherwise, your MLA style paper should be double spaced with 12-point font. Most papers use a standard font, such as Times New Roman, but you can use any easily readable font as long as the italiciz ed characters are distinguishable from its regular characters. MLA also requires that you use only one space after the end of a sentence.In addition to double spaces and fonts, MLA has outlined that your paper should be set up to have 1-inch margins on all sides (top, bottom, left, and right) so that your words arent running off the page. These settings can all be adjusted in your Microsoft Word tools at any time during the writing process. You should also have a header with your last name and a running page number in the upper right hand corner of the page. Some teachers may not want you to put a page number on the first page, so be sure to ask if there arent specific instructions on this matter.On the left hand side of the paper, you should have your name, instructors name, course, and date above your centered title (see image below for example). Every word in your paper title should be capitalized except for articles that arent at the beginning of the title (such as a, an, and th e), coordinating conjunctions (such as and, but, and or) and infinitives (for example: How to Write). If you ever have a question on which words shouldnt be capitalized in your title there are tools to help you make any adjustments, such as CapitalizeMyTitle.com. Though this tool is handy and quick, be sure to know the rules enough to spot any errors that the tool may give out.Here is an example of a MLA heading.Once you have your papers margins and headers sorted out, there are a few things to remember when you begin writing the body of the text. First, to continue the readability throughout the paper, MLA dictates that the first line of each paragraph is indented a 1/2 inch from the left margin. All you need to do to accomplish this is just to press the tab button, which gives you a cleaner and more exact result than pressing the space bar several times. Another thing to remember when writing in MLA style is to italicize titles of works, which is why its important to pick a font t hat distinguishes italics from regular text.Quotations and paraphrases should be attributed to the author by last name within the text with a page number (or line number if youre dealing with poetry) at the end in parentheses. Direct quotations that are longer than four lines should be set off in a block quotation that is 1/2 inch from the left margin. Note that block quotations do not need quotation marks to distinguish them. If the block quote spans several paragraphs in your source document, then indent the first line an additional 1/4 inch.Direct quotes from the author that are shorter than four lines can simply be written in the paragraph and can be set off by quotation marks. If you are adding any words to the quotation for explanatory reasons, use brackets ([]) to offset your words from the sources. If you are eliminating extraneous words from the direct quotation, use ellipses to indicate that the words are missing. To do this, simply type three periods in a row (†¦) an d the word program will automatically put in the correct amount of space needed. See the images below for more information on how to handle quotations.This is a sample MLA in-text direct quote.This is a sample MLA block quote.Does MLA use endnotes or footnotes?Endnotes or footnotes are very common in other styles, such as Chicago, but are not typically seen in MLA because it is thought that they can clutter up a page or distract the reader. The MLA guidelines restrict the usage of footnotes when they are referring to other works that may be useful for the reader to learn more on the subject. Occasionally you will also see explanatory notes, which give more details about a subject that dont necessarily fit with the theme of the paper.Though these are allowed, MLA format discourages their overuse, so use sparingly if you must. If you decide to put in these endnotes or footnotes, indicate them with a superscript number that goes after the period.How should my works cited look according to MLA style guidelines?The works cited page is one of the most important pieces of your research paper, as it lists all of the research you have cited throughout the paragraphs and lays them out for the reader to verify your facts. The works cited page is also one of the most labor-intensive parts of a research paper, and its crucial to know what goes into it while youre researching so you dont have to retrace your steps later on.There have been some updates with the newest edition of the MLA Handbook to keep up with the modern era of research. Before the eighth edition, each kind of citation had a particular way of being written up, but now that has all changed. According to the MLA website: Previous editions of the MLA Handbook provided separate instructions for each format, and new formats required additional instructions. In this groundbreaking new edition of its best-selling handbook, the MLA recommends instead one universal set of guidelines, which writers can apply to any t ype of source.Luckily for us, this new edition means that theres been a lot of simplification in the citation process. Still, you need to ensure that you are gathering all of the right ingredients for your citation.To begin putting together your works cited, you will need to start with a separate page in your document. The page should have a centered title that says, , with no underlining, italics, or bold applied. Like the other pages in the paper, be sure to double space your works cited page.The individual citations should have a hanging indent, which means that the first line of the citation is flush with the margin and the subsequent lines are indented 1/2 inch. This makes the citation easier for the reader to comb through. When it comes to capitalization of titles within a citation, use title caps for every word in a title except for articles, prepositions, or conjunctions (unless of course its the first word of a title). If the title is for a short work, such as a newspaper a rticle or a poem then use quotation marks. If the title is for a longer work, such as a book, use italics.Here is an example:An MLA citation should be as follows: Author. Title. Title of container (this could be an anthology, book, magazine, journal, newspaper), Other contributors to the work, Version, Number, Publisher, Publication Date, Location (this doesnt mean a literal location, but instead page numbers, URL, or DOI).Be sure that you are consulting your MLA Handbook for more specific instructions on citation guidelines, as this is just a loose example of what to expect.In previous versions of the MLA Handbook, the location was literally naming the city in which the book was published. Because many things are now published electronically, MLA has decided to drop that requirement in its eighth edition.When you are organizing your citations, they are to go in alphabetical order by authors last name. If your source has an unknown author, then the title comes first in the citation. Lastly, when citing an online source, a DOI (or a digital object identifier) is always preferred over a URL, if available.What else do I need to know about writing an MLA research paper?In addition to specific formatting issues, the MLA Handbook gives great advice on writing and grammar that are important for students to learn. Like any other kind of research paper, its crucial to check your spelling and to make sure that your facts are correct. Ensuring that your paper is adhering to MLA standards will give you credibility, and help you organize your research in a more efficient way.

Free Essays on The Evolution Of Mickey Mouse

The Evolution of Mickey Mouse According to John Updike, Mickey Mouse has become â€Å" the most persistent and pervasive figment of American popular culture in this century.† I was curious what had led this cartoon mouse to become the icon of Americanism that he is today. Over time, Mickey has changed into an ideal, an exemplification of Americana. Most characters have both good and bad qualities, virtues and vices, this is what makes them human, what allows us to relate, but Mickey has no downfalls, he remains â€Å"the perfect gentleman.† Mickey’s evolutions, both physical and characteristic, have helped him to become the icon he is today. Mickey Mouse was born in 1928 on a train ride from New York to the West Coast. Walt Disney an animator who had just lost the rights to his creation Oswald the Rabbit and needed a new character. He remembered the field mice that used to live in his studio and so it was that Walt Disney created one of the world’s most familiar and beloved characters. The original Mickey, however, was not the same mouse that today’s children adore. Wearing only shorts and shoes with a long tail behind, he wasn’t the upstanding theme park proprietor we know now. If you have seen his debut film, â€Å"Steamboat Willie† in 1928, Mickey was actually more naughty than nice. In the cartoon, he terrorizes ducks, plays the teeth of a cow as a xylophone, and winds the tail of a goat like a crank. In the first cartoon, the similarities between Mickey and the mischievous Charley Chaplin that Updike references are obvious. With feedback from the public, Mickey became more human and less of a troublemaker. He was a kinder, gentler mouse. The physicality changed along with the attitude. Mickey was given gloves to make him more human and he was fleshed out a little more. His nose became rounder and shorter, less rodent-like, and his feet got larger. In this time period he appears to become more child-like, and ... Free Essays on The Evolution Of Mickey Mouse Free Essays on The Evolution Of Mickey Mouse The Evolution of Mickey Mouse According to John Updike, Mickey Mouse has become â€Å" the most persistent and pervasive figment of American popular culture in this century.† I was curious what had led this cartoon mouse to become the icon of Americanism that he is today. Over time, Mickey has changed into an ideal, an exemplification of Americana. Most characters have both good and bad qualities, virtues and vices, this is what makes them human, what allows us to relate, but Mickey has no downfalls, he remains â€Å"the perfect gentleman.† Mickey’s evolutions, both physical and characteristic, have helped him to become the icon he is today. Mickey Mouse was born in 1928 on a train ride from New York to the West Coast. Walt Disney an animator who had just lost the rights to his creation Oswald the Rabbit and needed a new character. He remembered the field mice that used to live in his studio and so it was that Walt Disney created one of the world’s most familiar and beloved characters. The original Mickey, however, was not the same mouse that today’s children adore. Wearing only shorts and shoes with a long tail behind, he wasn’t the upstanding theme park proprietor we know now. If you have seen his debut film, â€Å"Steamboat Willie† in 1928, Mickey was actually more naughty than nice. In the cartoon, he terrorizes ducks, plays the teeth of a cow as a xylophone, and winds the tail of a goat like a crank. In the first cartoon, the similarities between Mickey and the mischievous Charley Chaplin that Updike references are obvious. With feedback from the public, Mickey became more human and less of a troublemaker. He was a kinder, gentler mouse. The physicality changed along with the attitude. Mickey was given gloves to make him more human and he was fleshed out a little more. His nose became rounder and shorter, less rodent-like, and his feet got larger. In this time period he appears to become more child-like, and ...

The impact of Dizzy Gillespie on the development of modern jazz Essay

The impact of Dizzy Gillespie on the development of modern jazz - Essay Example In addition, the paper aims to bring a close understanding of need of revolution and development in the jazz genre of music. In-depth highlights will be provided in the paper regarding the collaborations that helped Dizzy Gillespie in bringing developing or positive impact on jazz music. It should be noted that Dizzy Gillespie was able to work in collaboration with Charlie Parker who was a saxophonist. The collaboration of both the musicians was able to introduce be-bop revolution. As a matter of fact, the revolution was not just limited to sleek and high speed musical addition as the style of jazz music but also intensified tune (Crow). This duo was widely famous around the world because they rather made it easier for the musicians to follow jazz music. In other words, Dizzy Gillespie along with Parker redefined jazz music. To them, it was extremely needed that musicians were playing an easier music so that the audiences can also follow the beats. In addition, the reach of jazz music, back in 1960s, was limited to certain regions (Shipton). Therefore, it was the need of the time to spread the music to different parts of the world so that people could follow differing tunes and tempos that were being provided by jazz music. Notwithstanding, there were many critical appraisals that were received by the jazz music (Crow). One of the vibrant changes that he successfully brought in jazz music was the inclusion of Afro-Cuban music (Davenport). Most of the music analysts claimed that the inclusion of the combination music allowed jazz music to develop as it needed resolution. Also, analysis and music critics claimed that Dizzy Gillespie was able to undertake such a huge change within the jazz music because he had a very entertaining approach towards music-making. A lot of people claimed that he had very fun techniques to produce music that ultimately made him work with many musicians (Crow). As a matter of fact, there was a huge fight between Mr.

Economics of small and medium enterprises Essay

Economics of small and medium enterprises - Essay Example This essay offers a comprehensive review of the current economic policy of the UK government towards small and medium-sized enterprises. The efficiency of such policy is also analysed. The smaller firms are less fortunate to obtain significant financial aid to combat their insolvency problems. The successive governments in UK have been witnessing comprehensive policy initiatives for uplifting the small enterprises. The very existence of SMEs is vital for the overall economic growth of the developing nation of UK. For preserving the economic opulence of the country, the existing small enterprises must be rescued from all hindrances of sustainability. The threat to these business units resulting into critical problems such as severe unemployment and decline in the economic growth has made the Government to identify the urgency to rescue such SMEs from collapsing. Various action plans and schemes have been taken up by the government for protecting these enterprises. However, the government itself, along with others, admits that a lot of work is yet to be done for achieving the success of reviving small enterprises. There lies a wide gap between preparation of plans and measures, and putting them into appropriate actions thereby ensuring viable results. Impeccable efforts are still missing in order to bridge up this gap. In spite of the endeavours for complete eradication of the barriers faced by the struggling small business firms, a viable implementation of actions for the revitalisation of the SMEs is still lagging far behind.

Race to the Top Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Race to the Top - Research Paper Example The assessment was supposed to be common for everyone throughout the state for purposes of uniformity. Disabled students were considered so they could also participate in the program. Those with the language barrier especially in English were given special accommodations. The program was meant to measure certain standards that previous programs could not. The main aim was to make scoring uniform so that colleges could use the same results for placement purposes. The discussions of the pros and cons of that program are meant to help us decide on whether the program was effective or not. Cons The first issue is that the program applies the use of multiple-choice questions in their assessment. In as much as such kind of questions reduce subjectivity when marking and scoring, they have been shown to narrow the curriculum. In addition to this, scanty reading and guesswork is highly used when answering such questions leading to untrue scores. It is impossible to tell what a student knows a nd what concepts were never understood. There was the introduction of performance tests in the 1990’s to help improve on the programs. These kinds of assessment included doing practical work, science experiments and extended essays, which enabled the student to apply theory into practice. This was to be seen as a success, but a problem arose in reliability of the scores; score results in some places could not be used to make any important inference. The tests were made of fewer questions and this meant that the area covered was not as extensive as any test should. The seriousness of the validity of performance tests was so vast that by 2002, only a few such kind of tests were given. Seeing all these disadvantages, the federal funding decided increase the number of tests and instead use a range different types of assessments. Nevertheless, this would increase the total cost of developing the tests and even scoring. It was also seen that teachers are forced to pull out of schoo l to score the tests and the inability of such teachers to engage in other activities that foster professional development. Teachers are bound to learn more during their first scoring exercise but this would change over time because of the teacher’s knowledge that scores are compared. In as much as there is professional improvement in instructions given to class, it is very hard for a teacher to change instructions that will cater for the unique needs of each student. In cases where a student was required to express what they know like in performance tests, language and inability to write essays was a hindrance to the accomplishment of many students. Apparently, only valid test scores can be used to make inferences, valid tests are those that give the same result if issued to the same group for a second time. However, such scores cannot be used to test teacher and principal quality because they do not directly do so. This may seem like very small areas but in terms of test re liability and validity, a problem in a small area is bound to make the whole test insignificant. Pros In order to know if an assessment system works, it is important to subject it to rigorous effectiveness exercises. Also for validity, it is important to make tests uniform and to standardize the conditions under which every test is given (Dietel 4). This kind of system enabled educators to perform the two exercises

McCrae & Costas Five-Factor Model Essay Example for Free

McCrae Costas Five-Factor Model Essay McCrae and Costa’s Five-Factor model of personality is said to be predictive in certain behaviours such as honesty, job performance and procrastination. This Five-Factor model applies to organisational testing because personality is a crucial part in understanding the interests and abilities of an applicant within a business. There have been several criticisms of the Big Five and how accurately it can describe a person’s future performance. These criticisms will be discussed in length in this essay. The essay will also consider the usefulness of the Big Five within psychological assessments. Personality can be defined as â€Å"the dynamic organisation of systems that determine the individual’s characteristic patterns of behaviour, thought, and feeling† (Sibaya Nicholas, Personality, 2008). Simply put one can describe personality as the aspects of a person which make them unique (Sibaya Malcolm, 2003). Personality attributes have successfully been studied over centauries and investigators have concluded that the personality domain can be best described by five â€Å"super ordinate constructs† (Digman, 1990). A personality trait is â€Å"a durable disposition to behave in a particular way† and the five-factor model has become the dominant idea of a personality structure (Weiten, 2007). The five-factor model of personality came about as a result of Hans Eysenck’s two dimensions of personality. Eysenck’s theory comprised of neuroticism-stability and extraversion-introversion and he later added the third dimension known as psychoticism (Sibaya Malcolm, 2003). Eysenck’s theory also concluded that personality traits could largely be determined by genetics (Sibaya Malcolm, 2003). Eysenck’s theory of personality dimensions was a â€Å"precursor of the five-factor model† developed by Costa and McCrae (Sibaya Malcolm, 2003). The five-factor model can be seen as the most recent approach to personality and personality traits. Costa and McCrae argue that personality traits derive from five higher order traits. These traits are now known as the â€Å"Big-Five† (Weiten, 2007). Similar to Eysenck’s view on personality traits Costa and McCrae concluded that genetics play a substantial role in personality (Digman, 1990). An example of genetics playing a role in the development in personality traits can be seen in the study of twins. Jim Lewis and Jim Springer were identical twins separated at birth in 1940 (Sibaya Malcolm, 2003). These twins were later reunited and research showed that they had similar personality traits. The twins both drove the same model car; they both smoked heavily and liked the same brand of cigarettes (Sibaya Malcolm, 2003). A further impact of the five-factor model is that it has shown in studies that this personality study applies across cultures and is widely identifiable in different cultures around the world (Weiten, 2007). The five-factor model states that there are five core personality traits: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism. These form a mnemonic, OCEAN, which is often used for remembering the personality traits (Sibaya Malcolm, 2003). Openness applies to the openness one would have to an experience. Openness is often associated with traits such as curiosity, imagination and flexibility (Weiten, 2007). McCrae states that openness can determine one’s political attitudes or ideologies (Weiten, 2007). Conscientiousness relates to traits involving well disciplined and well organised people and is associated with people being diligent within the workplace (Weiten, 2007). Extraversion relates to people who can be categorised as outgoing or sociable people (Weiten, 2007). Agreeableness relates to one’s ability to be sympathetic, trusting and modest (Weiten, 2007). Agreeable personality traits have been known to be associated with a constructive approach to dealing with conflict but agreeable people have also been known to be aggressive (Weiten, 2007). Neuroticism relates to people who are anxious or hostile (Weiten, 2007). People who score high in this personality trait have been known to over re-act to stressful situations (Weiten, 2007). Organisational psychology â€Å"focuses on role related behaviour, group pressure, commitment to organisations and patterns of communication† (Sibaya Malcolm, 2003). In order for an organisational psychologist to determine this behaviour certain organisational testing or psychological assessments need to take place. A psychological assessment is a â€Å"standardised measure of a sample of a erson’s behaviour† (Weiten, 2007). Psychological assessment is one of the oldest and most focussed areas of industrial-organisational psychology (Weiten, 2007). Psychological assessment focuses on an individual’s difference in behaviour and their individual job performance and then develops ways in which they can measure or predict such performances. Testing enables psychologists to select people for jobs, assess one’s potential and develop people. Testing can often lead to labelling of people and selection for jobs, promotions or training has often been made in accordance to these labels. The importance of psychological assessments within the workplace is that they enable the perspective employer to have predictions about the applicant’s future performance and how that applicant may behave in the future. An example of how psychological assessments are beneficial and important can be seen in the use of a personality test. A personality test â€Å"measure various aspects of personality, including motives, interests and attitudes† (Weiten, 2007). Personality tests can be helpful because they assist in personnel selection within business and industry (Weiten, 2007). A sub-division of personality tests is ‘interest inventories’ which determine the interest of an individual in relation to the interests needed to do the job. An example of ‘interest inventories’ can be seen in the need for a sales person to have a personality type that is an extrovert. The example of the sales person can also explain the importance of psychological assessments within the work environment because without this form of testing perspective employers would be unable to employ people that are specifically suited to the position on offer, e. . an extrovert. The use of psychological assessment in business begins when the candidate is still in the selection process. The applicant for a perspective job will first consider the job analysis. A job analysis is the process of obtaining information about a job by determining what duties, tasks or activities it entails in order to perform the job successfully (Sibaya Malcolm, 2003). Following a job analys is the applicant would then submit an application and begin the selection process. A selection process can be described as the process of identifying who will be hired from the pool of applicants (Sibaya Malcolm, 2003). The applicant will then undergo psychological assessment which involves a prediction of the applicant’s knowledge, abilities, attitudes and personality traits. The way in which these tests help with the selection process are that they are the best predictors of performance and behaviour on the job (Sibaya Malcolm, 2003). Now that the selection process has been explained one can similarly link the development and promotion process to psychological assessment. With development or promotion the worker will have to undergo psychological testing to ensure that their abilities and interests fit with the promotion available. The five-factor model applies within the workplace because it enables employers to evaluate employee’s personalities and make use their personality traits to the best of their abilities. Research has indicated that the Big Five traits are able to predict specific behaviour (Weiten, 2007). The Big Five’s ability to predict this behaviour can be seen as beneficial in the workplace. An example of how the Big Five can benefit an industry can be seen in the personality trait ‘conscientiousness’ because it has been said that conscientiousness correlates with honesty, higher job performance and a lower alcohol consumption (Weiten, 2007). This being said one can understand that the Big Five traits allow a perspective employer the ability to employ conscientious workers. Many of the Big Five traits are related to career success (Weiten, 2007). The five-factor model can be used in the selection, development and promotion of employees because it allows the employer to predict what qualities the applicant has. The example used previously about the sales rep needing to be an extrovert is a perfect example of how the Big Five apply to selection, development and promotion. The five-factor model would allow the employer of such sales rep to be able to select candidates that fit the personality type that is required for the job at hand. Similar to this the employer could use the five-factor traits to determine whether an existing employee fits the personality required in a job opening and therefore the five-factor model applies to promotions within business as well. A further benefit to the Big Five is that an employer can determine an employee’s weak traits and develop them further thus improving the workforce. The use of the Big Five within occupational testing has been criticised by many psychologists and researchers as they feel nit does not adequately determine one’s ability to perform a task. A common criticism is that there is a fundamental need for more than five traits (Weiten, 2007). An example of this can be seen in recent studies that state that honesty-humility should be a sixth trait. Another criticism is that studies have shown that the five-factor model can discriminate against people. In the case of South Africa this criticism of the five-factor model only improved the outcome of the test because the discrimination led to changes in legislation which protect the rights of people and state that only valid testing may be done (Sibaya Malcolm, 2003). The legislation protecting people’s rights within organisational tests has encouraged the use of these tests in the selection of new employees. Studies have also shown that the Big Five are not necessarily a reflection of one’s personality but rather a reflection of their â€Å"test-taking skills† (Ones, Reiss, Viswesvaran, 1996). This criticism states that the results of the five-factor traits test are a reflection of one’s â€Å"cognitive ability and years of education† (Ones, Reiss, Viswesvaran, 1996). This criticism is not necessarily a negative aspect as it only ensures better use of the Big Five within organisational testing because education is an important aspect to one’s personality. There are two main criticisms of the five-factor model. These are the â€Å"frame of reference effect† and â€Å"socially desirable responding† (Hanges, Dickson, Smith, 2001). Critics argue that the five-factor model is not useful because it is too broad to be applied to psychological assessment (Schmit Ryan, 1993). The first criticism is the frame of reference effect which states that the image the average job applicant would like to convey will have an effect on the psychological assessment (Hanges, Dickson, Smith, 2001). The frame of reference effect can be explained better if one considers that a job applicant will be guided by their self-presentation (Schmit Ryan, 1993). An employee will stand to gain or lose from the results of the psychological assessment and will therefore may alter their response to be in line with what would be considered the correct response (Hanges, Dickson, Smith, 2001). This ‘altered response’ by the job applicant can be seen as a â€Å"ideal-employee† frame of reference where as the response given by a volunteer would be seen as a â€Å"stranger-description† frame of mind (Schmit Ryan, 1993). The second criticism of the five-factor model is the socially desirable response. The â€Å"socially desirable response† can be divided into two sub-groups. Firstly there is â€Å"self-deception† which is the â€Å"unconscious tendency to see oneself in a favourable light† (Schmit Ryan, 1993). Secondly, there is the theory of â€Å"impression management† where a person is consciously aware that they are putting up a false front in order to create a better impression (Schmit Ryan, 1993). The concept of socially desirable responses has undergone three studies which examined the effect of the socially desirable response. The result of these three studies found that in a test of â€Å"fake good vs. honest responses† the personality reliabilities were higher in the fake good (Hanges, Dickson, Smith, 2001). A further study was done on socially desirability consisting of three sample groups. The sample groups were the job applicant, the job incumbent and the student (Hanges, Dickson, Smith, 2001). The results of this study much like the results of other studies showed that the job applicant showed more socially desirable responses than the job incumbent (Hanges, Dickson, Smith, 2001). When defining personality some may argue with Freud’s opinion that personality is largely hidden and unknown. This definition of personality would parallel the argument that the five-factor model is a poor predictor of job success as well as suggesting that it is unethical to use the five-factor model within employment procedures (Hogan, Hogan, Roberts, 1996). This argument could stem from criticisms such as the effect of socially desirable responses, the frame of reference effect and the thought that the five-factor model is limited by only considering five traits. Although these criticisms all have a valid argument one cannot help but believe the evidence that a well-constructed personality assessment is a valid predictor of job performance and it enhances fairness in the employment process (Hogan, Hogan, Roberts, 1996).